Oman today_ Ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun, while playing a natural role in the body, can cause both short-term and long-term damage to the skin. Immediate effects of UV exposure include inflammation, tanning, increased skin cell proliferation, and changes in the nails. Inflammation is usually caused by UVB rays and appears as redness, pain, warmth, and, in severe cases, swelling and reduced function of the affected area—for example, a sunburn on the back of the hand can limit its movement. Tanning occurs in two forms: immediate tanning, which is a rapid change in existing skin pigments and appears within minutes to a few hours (primarily due to UVB), and delayed tanning, which involves the production of new melanin, providing additional protection but still carrying a risk of DNA damage and skin cancer. Skin cell proliferation, caused by UVC and UVB rays, can appear within hours to days and may result in peeling. Prolonged exposure to UVA can also cause the nail plate to separate from its bed, creating yellow or oily spots.
Long-term effects of UV exposure include premature aging and an increased risk of skin cancer. Repeated exposure to sunlight or artificial UV sources gradually damages the structure and function of the skin, leading to dryness, wrinkles, sagging, and pigmentation changes. UVB rays play a major role in this process, and regular use of sunscreen, as well as topical products containing retinoic acid, alpha-hydroxy acids, and vitamin C, can help mitigate these effects. Both UVA and UVB rays are known to contribute to the development of various types of skin cancer. Early lesions can often be treated effectively if detected promptly, whereas malignant lesions require surgical intervention and radiotherapy.
To prevent UV-related skin damage, several key measures are recommended: limit direct sun exposure, especially between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.; wear appropriate clothing, including lightweight garments and a hat with a brim at least 8 cm wide; and apply sunscreen with a suitable SPF, using enough product to cover all exposed skin. Even with these precautions, if sunburn occurs, proper hydration, soothing creams, and, if necessary, oral medications provide effective treatment. It is also important to note that sunlight reflected off surfaces can intensify UV exposure—up to 85% from snow, 25% from sand, and 5% from wavy water—making extra protection essential.
By following these guidelines, it is possible to prevent the harmful effects of UV rays and maintain healthy, youthful, and protected skin.